While many view bioengineered crops (GMOs) as a promising innovation, there is controversy about their use. This lesson provides students with a brief overview of the technology, equipping them with the ability to evaluate the social, environmental, and economic arguments for and against bioengineered crops (GMOs). This lesson covers a socioscientific issue and aims to provide students with tools to evaluate science within the context of social and economic points of view. Grades 9-12

acrylamide: a chemical substance which forms in starchy foods after high-temperature cooking processes such as frying, roasting, and baking

crossbreeding: selectively breeding two plants or animals of different breeds or cultivars to produce a superior offspring sometimes called a hybrid

gene: a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring

genetic engineering: the process of directly modifying an organism's genes using biotechnology to produce desired traits

genetically modified organism (GMO): any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques

hybrid: the offspring of two plants or animals of different species or varieties

inbreeding: selectively breeding closely related plants or animals in an effort to isolate and perpetuate a desired trait

mutagenesis: a method of selective breeding in plants where seeds are exposed to chemicals or radiation to promote DNA mutations that could result in developing new traits in offspring plants

selective breeding: process by which humans control the breeding of plants or animals in order to exhibit or eliminate a particular characteristic

transgenic: containing a gene that has been transferred from one organism to another and acts as a synonym for genetically modified

• 89% of the corn grown in the United States in 2015 was produced from seed varieties developed through genetic modification technologies.¹
• As the use of genetically engineered crops has risen, the use of insecticides has decreased.²
• As the use of genetically engineered crops has risen, the use of herbicides has increased.²
• Many science organizations throughout the world, including the World Health Organization, find genetically modified crops to be safe for consumption.³
• Although significant science supports the safety of GM foods, many consumers are skeptical and perceive that non-GM foods are healthier.⁴

This lesson provides a brief introduction to genetic engineering in plants. After the introduction, students assess the risks and benefits of genetic engineering, learn why farmers would choose to grow a bioengineered (GMO) crop, and begin to recognize various perspectives about this controversial topic. To learn the scientific steps of creating a bioengineered seed variety see the lesson The Science of a GMO.

Plant Breeding Methods

Traditional plant breeding has been used since humans began domesticating plants for food production. Early crop domestication was accomplished by using basic plant selection techniques to identify and promote ideal food plants. This is known as selective breeding. Crossbreeding, inbreeding, and hybridization are specific plant breeding methods that fall under the umbrella of selective breeding. These methods have allowed farmers to isolate genes for specific characteristics and progressively create more plants well suited to provide an abundant supply of nutritious food (e.g., fruits, vegetables and grains). For example, tomatoes come in many varieties, including large slicing tomatoes and smaller roma, cherry, and grape tomatoes. Tomatoes also come in a variety of colors, including from bright red, orange, yellow, and even a dark burgundy color. In addition to color and size, these plants also vary in taste, shelf life, and the amount of time they take to grow from seed to fruit. All of these characteristics were brought about by selective breeding; identifying desirable traits and continually cross-pollinating plants with those traits to eventually create a variety with desirable characteristics. Often in traditional plant breeding processes plants will gain either a resistance or a propensity toward disease. All of these characteristics vary from variety to variety due to the plants changing genetics from generation to generation. While these traditional plant breeding methods have been successful, they can take a significant amount of time (years or decades) to achieve the desired result, and it can be difficult to isolate individual traits such as disease or pest tolerance, color, flavor, or any number of other traits. In addition, the desired gene or characteristic must already be available in the plant's gene pool.

Another method of plant breeding is called mutation breeding, or mutagenesis. This is the process of exposing seeds to chemicals or radiation in order to promote DNA mutations to maximize genetic diversity in an effort to create new traits in plants.⁵ In biology, a mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence. Some mutations cause little affect on an organism and others cause dramatic change. Mutations occur randomly, but are accelerated by exposure to UV rays, radiation, and some chemicals. Through the years, mutagenesis has helped create genetic variability and produce desired characteristics in crops such as wheat, barley, rice, cotton, sunflowers, and grapefruit.⁵ Mutagenesis can elicit results much faster than cross breeding or inbreeding. However, the changes are random and unpredictable.

Crossbreeding, inbreeding, hybridization, and mutagenesis are all traditional plant breeding techniques and do not use biotechnology. The resulting plants are not considered bioengeneered (GMO), although many people hold the common misconception that they are.

The Development of GM Crops

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is defined by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization as “any living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.”⁶ Common and synonymous terminology for genetically modified organisms include GMO (genetically modified organism), GM (genetically modified), GE (genetically engineered), and bioengineered. Watch the video clip, What is a GMO? for more illustration and comparisons of plant breeding techniques.

The first genetically engineered plant was created in 1983 when an antibiotic resistant gene was inserted into a tobacco plant.⁷ The first genetically modified food was the Flavr Savr tomato, created in 1994. This tomato had an extended shelf life, allowing it to be vine ripened and then shipped to grocery stores without rotting. However, production of the Flavr Savr tomato stopped three years later. Although the fruit had the desired extended shelf life without rotting, it still softened, making it little better than its traditional counterparts.⁸ Since that time, novel genes have been inserted into many crop plants. Genetically engineered crops have specific traits such as the following:

• Herbicide tolerance: This trait allows farmers to spray their crop with an herbicide which will kill the weeds, but not the crop. (Transgenic)
• Pest tolerance: These GM plants have a natural resistance to pests. For example, the European corn borer is a destructive pest that bores into corn stalks. When the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is present in the corn, it produces a protein called Cry, which is toxic to the European corn borer. (Transgenic)
• Disease resistance: Just like people, plants are susceptible to diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Some GM crops are developed to be resistant to specific diseases. Examples include the papaya and some varieties of squash. (GE, Nontransgenic)
• Drought tolerance: Some crop varieties can be genetically engineered to be more hardy in drought conditions and use less water. (GE, Nontransgenic)
• Shelf life extended/Spoilage resistance: Crops must travel from the farm to the consumer without spoiling or being damaged. Some crops must even be harvested before they are ripe to increase their shelf life, tomatoes are an example. (GE, Nontransgenic)

Current Bioengeneered Crops approved by FDA

The Safety of Bioengineered Crops

While many view bioengineered crops as a promising innovation, there is still much controversy surrounding their use. This debate is taking place worldwide. There are many questions being raised in the minds of consumers. How do bioengineered crop varieties impact the environment? Is food from a bioengineered plant safe for consumption? How does the production of bioengineered crops impact communities and economics from various points of view?

It takes many years for a GM crop to be developed, tested, and finally approved for commercial release. Prior to their release, bioengineered crop varieties are monitored and regulated by three primary agencies in the United States:

• Food and Drug Administration: "FDA regulates the safety of food for humans and animals, including foods produced from genetically engineered (GE) plants. Foods from GE plants must meet the same food safety requirements as foods derived from traditionally bred plants."⁹
• United States Department of Agriculture: "The USDA, EPA, and FDA work to ensure that crops produced through genetic engineering for commercial use are properly tested and studied to make sure they pose no significant risk to consumers or the environment."⁹
• Environmental Protection Agency: The EPA focuses on reviewing the environmental impacts of a GE crop prior to field-testing and the commercial release of the seed. They ensure there are no unintended consequences to honeybees, other beneficial insects, earthworms, fish, or the environment in general.¹⁰ They also look for any possible impact on other crops.

After careful consideration by these three agencies, a bioengineered crop may be approved. After approval, seeds are made available for purchase and farmers can choose to grow the bioengineered variety or not. It's important to understand that not all farmers choose to grow bioengineered crop varieties even when they are available. Some choose to use conventional crop varieties and control pests, weeds, and disease using other methods. A small percentage of farmers choose to grow and market food that can be certified and labeled as organic. Organic label foods cannot be grown from genetically modified seeds and have specific regulations for how weeds and pests are managed. Although many studies have been conducted, none have proven that organic foods are nutritionally superior to conventionally grown foods.¹¹ However, many consumers still choose organic. The organic food industry has shown increased consumer demand over the last decade and some farmers have adopted this production method to meet the consumer demand.¹²

Although there are benefits to utilizing biotechnology, its important to recognize the risks as well. While great effort and extensive research is put into the development and approval process of GM crops, scientists are looking for negative impacts that could still be observed. One risk is of plants, particularly weeds, developing tolerance to the herbicides that are used to kill them. This is possible through the simple biological process of evolution as the weed can become more hardy with each generation and eventually become tolerant of the chemical.¹³ This process can happen with non-GM crops, but scientists are aware that it could happen faster with GM crops. Other risks that scientists test prior to release of a GM crop, and that they continue monitoring carefully, include how the crop affects non-target organisms (insects, fungi, soil biota), how the crop affects the biodiversity of the ecosystem, if the transgenes escape and affect other plants and/or organisms, and how the biodiversity of the ecosystem is potentially affected.

As a consumer, it can be difficult to wade through information about bioengineering. There are many groups who strongly advocate against bioengineering as well as others who advocate for it. It is important to seek credible scientific evidence, then make your choice as you purchase your food. To make a decision about the production and consumption of bioengineered food crops, the science and safety may be sound, but there may be other considerations to evaluate. In some situations bioengineering may be a solution, in others, it may solve one problem but create another.

This lesson has been adapted for online instruction and can be found on the 9-12th grade eLearning site.

1. Project the first slide of the Bioengineering PowerPoint. Tell your students to imagine they are grocery shopping. As they are selecting their food items they begin to notice all of these labels. Hold a short class discussion about the labels and discuss what they might mean. Move on to slide two. Ask students if they have seen either of the two "non-GMO" labels. Ask students, "Are there any common food labels that could be misleading or perhaps meaningless?"
2. Divide your class into small groups and give each group one set of the Food Label Cards. Instruct your students to look through the cards and tell you what words are contained on every food package. (non-GMO)
3. Explain to your students that within their stack of cards there are 18 foods with labels that are "imposters." Explain that an imposter is something that is disguised. Some of the foods in their stack of cards are imposters because the ingredients in these foods are derived from crops that have currently not been genetically modified. (Allow students time to separate their cards. Use slide three as a visual).
4. Project slide four of the Bioengineering PowerPoint. Use the slide to explain that there are currently only 10 crops that have been genetically modified and approved for commercial use by farmers. Therefore, only foods containing these ingredients even have the possibility of being genetically modified. Once you have listed the crops, ask the students if they need to make any changes to their piles. 
5. Give students the correct answers and list which foods could have bioengineered ingredients and which foods could not actually be genetically modified because no GM form of the food exists.
   • Foods that could have bioengineered ingredients: Soymilk (soybean), cinnamon crunch cereal (sugar could be from sugar beet), rice milk (canola oil), wheat bread (sugar and soybean oil), pita bread (sugar with unspecified source, canola/soybean oil), and margarine (canola and soybean oil).
   • Foods that currently do not have bioengineered ingredients: 2% milk, graham crackers, clementines, yogurt, mango baby food, banana baby food, flax seed, rye flour, wheat flour, sweetener, sugar (this label specifies it is from sugar cane plant), shredded wheat, tea, coffee beans, rice, orange juice, sour cream, and cottage cheese.
     • Note to teacher: The two primary sources of table sugar are the sugar cane plant and the sugar beet. Many food labels list "cane sugar." Cane sugar or sugar cane is not an approved GM crop. If it does not specify, it could be from either plant. It could be genetically modified if it came from a sugar beet.
6. Introduce the lesson topic to the students by helping them see that as a consumer, every time they enter a grocery store they may have the opportunity to buy (or not buy) a bioengineered food. In this lesson we will be talking about what bioengineered (GMO) crops really are and why some food companies are labeling their foods even though their food product could not possibly contain a bioengineered ingredient.

   Teach with Clarity Be sure students understand that the foods in their "imposter" pile are indeed non-GMO. Clarify that while the "non-GMO" label is accurate, it impacts consumer perceptions of the food potentially leading to misconceptions about food safety and the total number of bioengineered (GMO) crops found in our food supply.

This lesson has been adapted for online instruction and can be found on the 9-12th grade eLearning site.

Teach with Clarity There are many terms and acronyms used to describe genetically modified organisms or biotechnologies applied in plant science. Genetically engineered (GE), genetically modified (GM), bioengineered, GMO, and transgenic are all adjectives used to describe an organism that has a copy of a gene not previously found in the species. This lesson discusses perspectives about transgenesis where a selected gene is transferred from one organism to another. The BE Disclosure law went into effect in January 2022 and uses "bioengineered" as the term of choice for these products of biotechnology. Throughout the lesson, determine the terminology students are familiar with and provide clarification to prevent misconceptions.

Activity 1: Bioengineering and Me
What is genetic engineering and why does it matter?

1. To begin, students will be learning what bioengineering is and what it is not. (Students should still have their Food Cards after completing the Engagement section of the lesson.) Give each student a copy of the handout Critically Thinking Bioengineering. Have students fill out the Venn Diagram located on the first page of the handout as you go through Activity 1. Remind them along the way to make notes on this handout.
2. Show the video, How Are GMOs Created? Prior to showing the video, ask students if they have ever eaten papaya or drunk papaya juice. Show students the picture of the papaya and the papaya tree and explain that it is a tropical fruit grown mostly in Hawaii. Prepare students for the video by explaining that they will be learning how GMOs are created using the example of the papaya. 
   • Optional: To further illustrate what a GMO is, show the inFact video The Unpopular Facts about GMOs. This video uses terminology and comparisons that will be familiar to your students, adding to their understanding of what a GMO is. 
3. Display the GMO Crop Table (found on slide five of the Bioengineering PowerPoint). Emphasize that the 10 crops listed in the first column are the only plants in our food supply with the potential of being bioengineered. The second column lists the trait that was "copied and pasted" into the genetic structure of these plants. 
4. Next, teach what a GMO is not. Refer your students to their pile of food cards which have not currently been genetically modified. State that, "These foods have not been genetically modified, but they are different than their wild counterpart. They have changed through the years. How did this happen?" Draw on students' prior knowledge of science and genetics. Use guided questions to lead them to recognize that methods of natural and artificial selection have been used to improve our food crops for centuries. Review the following plant breeding techniques, using the information found in the Background Agricultural Connections section of the lesson to further define if needed:
   • Natural Selection
   • Artificial Selection
     • Cross breeding/Hybridization
     • Inbreeding
     • Mutagenesis
5. Clearly explain that these traditional plant breeding processes have been used for many years to produce desired characteristics in plants. None of these processes use what we refer to as bioengineering or genetic engineering.
6. Summarize the difference between bioengineered crops and crops created through traditional plant breeding by reviewing what students have recorded on the Venn Diagram found on page one of their handout. Check for understanding and help students fill in gaps as needed. An example can be found on slide seven of the Bioengineering PowerPoint.

Activity 2: Assessing the Risks and Benefits of GMO crops
What are the risks and benefits of genetically modified crops?

1. Ask your students if they have ever seen news reports, memes, blogs, or other social media posts in strong opposition or support of bioengineering or GMOs. Hold a class discussion about some of the specific ideas and concerns students have or that they have heard from others. Summarize the discussion by concluding that it can be difficult to distinguish the facts (supported by credible evidence) from fiction (unsubstantiated opinions).
2. Conduct a Fact or Fiction class activity using either the attached PowerPoint or the Kahoot game linked below. As you conduct this activity, students should be taking notes on page two of their handout, Critically Thinking Bioengineering, by listing the benefits and risks of bioengineered crops.
   • PowerPoint version: Project the attached PowerPoint, Bioengineering Fact or Fiction? Tell your students that you will be going through a list of claims regarding GM crops. Assign a signal to represent fact and a signal to represent fiction. (hold up a "fact" or "fiction" card, thumbs up for fact and thumbs down for fiction, etc.) Go through each slide individually. Project the claim and give students time to respond by giving the fact or fiction signal. Next, display the answer and the clarification. Discuss as needed.
   • Kahoot version: Access the "GMO Fact or Fiction?" Kahoot. Follow the basic Kahoot instructions or watch online tutorials for using this application in your classroom. Each student will need internet access through a tablet, smart phone, or computer to play the game. Explanations for each answer can be found in the PowerPoint version of the game.
     • Teacher tip: You will find some additional explanation in the Notes portion of each PowerPoint slide. Hyperlinks are also included with several of the slides.
3. Using the information found in the Background Agricultural Connections section of the lesson, explain to your students some of the regulatory processes that must take place prior to the commercial use of bioengineered crops. 
4. After completing the fact or fiction activity, summarize and help students synthesize what they have learned. Refer again to the pile of "imposter" food cards and ask, "Why are so many foods at the grocery store labeled as "non-GMO" when that particular food product does not have a bioengineered counterpart?" (Likely due to heightened fear, misinformation, and consumers' lack of understanding of what GMOs are. In response, food companies have begun labeling their products.) As a follow-up question ask, "Do you think this labeling practice helps or hurts the food industry? Why?" (Answers will vary)

Activity 3: How genetic engineering is used in the production of our food
How can genetic engineering address the supply (farm production) and demand (needs) of agricultural products?

1. Refer to the instructions for the Have a Ball activity. As directed, use a ball with several numbers written on it to provide an object lesson about perspectives and points of view. Help students understand that the use and implementation of biotechnology has many perspectives. Discuss how the point of view of a farmer, a scientist, and a consumer could have both differences and similarities. List these three people on the board and any others your students identify as having a different perspective.
2. Explain to your students that two factors determine the success of producing a crop. First, the farmer needs to be able to grow a safe product and produce an adequate harvest to be viable economically. Farmers provide our food supply. Second, consumers create the demand for a product when they purchase the product to meet their needs. The production of our food follows simple laws of supply and demand.
3. Use the following steps to draw a sketch on the board similar to the one below to illustrate:
   1. Begin by writing the goal in the center of the board. Explain to your students that a successful crop satisfies the farmer and the consumer.
   2. Next, draw two roads meeting together at the goal. Label one road for the farmer (supply) and the other road for the consumer (demand).
   3. Last, explain that challenges will arise in meeting the ultimate goal. Illustrate the challenges by drawing a rock in each road. Explain that some challenges may be big and others may be small. Some challenges may stop the production or consumption of food altogether, and others may just slow it down.
4. Print the Crop Supply and Demand Challenge Cards and cut them in half. Distribute them to groups in your class. Ask each group to read the card and prepare to explain the challenge to their peers. 
5. Have each student group present their challenge to the class. Determine if the challenge is faced by the farmer in order to produce a supply of food or if it is a "demand" from the consumer. Tape the card to the board on the appropriate side. Students should continue to make notes on page two of their Critically Thinking Bioengineering handout by continuing to list benefits and risks of bioengineered crops.
   • Optional: After each student group presents a challenge, ask students to raise their hands and identify a perspective on that topic. Refer to the list of people you made in step 1 of this activity. Call on the students by tossing them the ball to present the perspective.
     • For example, after discussing the "Pests" card a student may identify that a farmer's perspective would be to grow bioengineered crop to eliminate a pest problem without the use of insecticides. Another student may identify that a consumer may choose food labeled as "organic " even if the cost is greater because of what they have read on social media about bioengineering or chemicals used to control pests. Another student may point out that a different consumer would have no problem purchasing a bioengineered crop, especially if it's cheaper. 
6. Repeat step five until all the challenges have been presented and discussed.
   • Teacher tip: If time is short, speed this activity up by eliminating the student group participation outlined in steps 4-5. Instead, briefly introduce and describe the challenges to the students and place them on the board.
7. Summarize by reminding students that there are many methods and tools available to overcome these challenges. Methods available to farmers range from organic (without the use of synthetic chemicals) to conventional (using chemicals if necessary), and tools include the use of various traditional methods of selective breeding as well as the use of bioengineering to create a genetically modified plant.
8. Discuss the reality that although the science of bioengineering is sound, it still must be accepted by consumers to succeed. Consumers create the demand. For example, the development of Golden Rice was a scientific success but a social failure. Share the video, What is a GMO? to illustrate. (The segment about Golden Rice begins at 2:15.) After watching the video ask the following questions:
   • What important nutrient did Golden Rice contain? (beta carotene which the body converts into vitamin A)
   • Why was Golden Rice rejected by the people it was designed to help? (they feared it)  

Help students distinguish between biological science and social science. Based on what they have learned in this lesson, students should be able to distinguish between the two and recognize the impact of both. While biological science has confirmed the safety of GMOs in our food system, social science still impacts the acceptance of the technology in our society.

1. After conducting these activities students should recognize that the use of bioengineered crops has scientific and social implications. Explain that socioscientific issues such as these are open-ended problems which may have multiple solutions. Evaluate student learning by following the instructions found on pages three and four of the Critically Thinking Bioengineering handout. Begin by dividing students into teams of two and assigning one student to be in favor of bioengineering and the other to be against bioengineering. Then have students follow the remaining instructions on the handout to complete the activity.
2. Review and summarize the following key concepts with your students:
   • Biotechnology is one tool that may help address challenges in food production (e.g., drought, pests, and disease) to meet the growing demand for food.
   • Bioengineered crops can increase crop yields (harvest) due to decreased crop loss from pests, disease, and drought.
   • Although significant research is performed to evaluate the safety of GM crops for consumption as well as to assess the potential for harm to the environment, some consumers remain concerned by the social and economic issues related to increased use of biotechnology and GM crops.
   • The discussion on the safety of bioengineered crops can be viewed from many perspectives (e.g., farmers, consumers, scientists, nutritionists).

1. Recent Trends in GE Adoption | USDA Economic Research Service
2. GMOs and Pesticides: A Match Made in Heaven? | Science in the News, Harvard University
3. GLP Infographic: International Science Organizations on Crop Biotechnology Safety | Genetic Literacy Project
4. 87% of Consumers Globally Think Non-GMO Is 'Healthier' | FoodNavigator-USA
5. Mutagenesis as a Tool in Plant Genetics, Functional Genomics, and Breeding | International Journal of Plant Genomics
6. The Nature of GMOs | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
7. History of Genetic Engineering | Wikipedia
8. Flavr Savr | Wikipedia
9. U.S. Regulation of Genetically Modified Crops | Federation of American Scientists
10. Biotechnology FAQs | U.S. Department of Agriculture
11. Mythbusting 101: Organic Farming > Conventional Agriculture | Scientific American
12. Organic Food Industry Explodes as Consumer Demand Spikes | EcoWatch
13. Evolving Understanding of the Evolution of Herbicide Resistance | Pest Management Science

Ann Butkowski, science teacher at Humbolt High School in St. Paul, MN wrote the original lesson for the Minnesota Agriculture in the Classroom program in 2013. The lesson was rewritten and updated in 2016 by National Agriculture in the Classroom.

The Critically Thinking GMOs worksheet was developed using the concepts taught in the NSTA publication of Making Critical Friends, written by Sara Raven, Vanessa Klein, and Bahadir Namdar.

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